Columbus is a county-county town in the western central US state of Georgia. Located on the Chattahoochee River just across Phenix City, Alabama, Columbus is the county district of Muscogee County, officially joined in 1970. Columbus is Georgia's third largest city and the fourth largest metropolitan area. According to the 2017 forecast from the US Census Bureau, Columbus has a population of 194,058 residents, with 303,811 in the larger Columbus-Phenix City metropolitan area. The metro area joins the nearby Alabama towns, Auburn and Opelika to form the Columbus-Auburn-Opelika Joint Statistics Area, which has an estimated population of 2017 of 499,128.
Columbus is located 100 miles (160 km) southwest of Atlanta. Fort Benning, Maneuver of the US Survival Center and major corporations, is located south of the city in Chattahoochee County. Columbus is home to museums and tourism sites, including the National Infantry Museum, dedicated to the United States Army Infantry Branch. It has the world's longest urban rafting course built on the Chattahoochee River.
Video Columbus, Georgia
History
Beginner
This is for centuries and more traditional areas of Indian Creek, which became known as one of the Five Tribes of Civilization in the Southeast after European contacts. Those who lived closest to the white occupation area did considerable trade and adopted some European-American ways.
Founded in 1828 by the laws of the Georgian Legislature, Columbus lies at the beginning of the Chattahoochee River and at the last intersection of Federal Road before entering Alabama. The city is named after Christopher Columbus, its founder likely influenced by Washington Irving's writings. Plans for the city were drafted by Dr. Edwin L. DeGraffenried, who placed the town on a cliff overlooking the river. Across the river to the west, where Phenix City, Alabama is now, the Creek Indians are alive until they were forcibly transferred in 1836 by the federal government to make way for European-American settlers.
The river serves as Columbus's connection to the world, especially allowing it to send its cotton plant commodities from plantations to the international cotton market through New Orleans and finally Liverpool, England. The commercial importance of the city increased in the 1850s with the arrival of trains. In addition, textile mills are developed along the river, bringing the industry into agriculture-dependent areas. In 1860, the city was one of the more important industrial centers in the South, making it the nickname "Lowell of the South," referring to a city of important textile factories in Massachusetts.
Civil War and Reconstruction
When the Civil War broke out in 1861, the Columbus industries expanded their production; this became one of the most important industrial centers in the Confederation. During the war, Columbus occupied second place in Richmond in making supplies for the Confederate forces. The Eagle Manufacturing Company makes textiles of various types but especially wool for Confederate uniforms. Columbus Iron Works produces cannons and engines, Greenwood and Gray make firearms, and Louis and Elias Haimon produce swords and bayonets. Smaller companies provide additional ammunition and sundries. When the war turned negative, each faced exponentially growth in shortages of raw materials and skilled workers, as well as worsening financial opportunities. In addition to textiles, the city has an iron factory, sword factory, and shipyard for the Confederate Navy.
Not knowing the surrender of Lee to Grant and the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, Unity and Confederation clashed in the Battle of Columbus, Georgia, on Easter Sunday, April 16, 1865, when a United detachment under General James H. Wilson attacked the city and burned many towns. of industrial buildings. John Stith Pemberton, who later developed Coca-Cola in Columbus, was wounded in this battle. After addiction to morphine, Pemberton sought a substitute for his addiction. After creating Coca-Cola, he took him to Atlanta before he died in 1888. Colonel Charles Augustus Lafayette Lamar, owner of the last slave ship in America, was also killed here. Historical markers have been established in Columbus. It notes that this is the site of "The Battle of the Last Land in the War from 1861 to 1865."
Reconstruction begins soon and prosperity ensues. Factories such as Eagle and Phenix Mills were revived and the industrialization of the city led to rapid growth; the city goes beyond its original plan. Springer Opera House was built on 10th Street, attracting famous people such as Irish writer Oscar Wilde. Springer is now the official State Theater in Georgia.
At the time of the Spanish-American War, the modernization of the city included the addition of trolleys that reached remote environments such as Rose Hill and Lakebottom, and a new waterwork. Mayor Lucius Chappell also brought a training camp for soldiers to the area. This training camp called Camp Benning will evolve into Fort Benning today, named General Henry L. Benning, a native of the city.
Confederation Day
In the spring of 1866, the Ladies Memorial Association of Columbus passed a resolution to set aside a day each year to commemorate the Confederate's death. Associate Secretary, Mrs. Charles J. (Mary Ann) Williams, was directed to write letters inviting women from every Southern state to join them in obedience. The letter was written in March 1866 and sent to representatives from all major cities in the South, including Atlanta, Macon, Montgomery, Memphis, Richmond, St. Louis, Alexandria, Columbia, and New Orleans. This was the beginning of influential work by women's organizations to honor the death of war.
The date for the holiday was chosen by Elizabeth "Lizzie" Rutherford Ellis. He chose April 26, the first anniversary of the final offering of the General Confederate Johnston to Union General Sherman at Bennett Place, North Carolina. For many in the South, it marks the official end of the Civil War.
In 1868, General John A. Logan, the supreme commander of the Union Union Union Civil War Veterans Union called the Great Army of the Republic (GAR), launched a Memorial Day holiday that has been observed throughout the United States. General Logan's wife said that she had borrowed from Confederate Day practices. He wrote that Logan "says it's not too late for the United Nations people to follow the example of South Koreans in perpetuating the memories of their dead friends for the purpose that they think is just and right."
While two dozen cities across the country claimed to have embarked on the Independence Day holiday, Bellware and Gardiner firmly established that the holidays begin in Columbus. In The Genesis of the Memorial Day Holiday in America, they point out that the Columbus Ladies Memorial Association call to observe a day each year to decorate the army cemetery inaugurated a first movement in the south and then north to honor the soldiers who died during the Civil War.
20th century
With the expansion of the city, the leaders who promoted the founding of the university, founded Columbus College, a two-year institution later developed as Columbus State University, now a more comprehensive learning center.
The city government consolidated with the county in 1971, the first of its kind in Georgia (and one of only 16 in the US at the time).
Expanding the textile factory's industrial base, the city has become the headquarters for Aflac, Synovus, TSYS, and Carmike Cinemas.
During the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, the construction of subsidized roads and suburbs led to the withdrawal of the middle and upper classes, with urban diseases, white flights, and prostitution in many downtown Columbus and adjacent neighborhoods. Early attempts to stop the gradual decline of the city center began by saving and restoring the Springer Opera House in 1965. Designated as the State Theater of Georgia, helped spark a historic conservation movement in the city. It has documented and preserved various historic districts in and around the city center.
Through the late 1960s and early 1970s, large housing was built to accommodate soldiers returning from the Vietnam War and to those associated with Ft. Benning. From Wesley to Leesburg to Brittney and Willowbrook and upscale Sears jungle and Windsor parks. A large number of damaged areas are cleared. The modern Columbus Consolidation Center is built in the city center. Significant periods of urban renewal and revitalization followed in the mid to late 1990s.
With this increase, residents and businesses have been attracted to previously destroyed areas. Municipal projects have included the construction of a softball complex, which hosted the 1996 Olympic softball competition; Chattahoochee RiverWalk development; the construction of the National Civil War Naval Museum in Port Columbus, the construction of the Coca-Cola Space Science Center, the expansion of the Columbus Museum, and roadworks to incorporate the new downtown bridge across the Chattahoochee River to Phenix City. During the late 1990s, commercial activity expanded north of downtown along the I-185 corridor.
21st century
During 2000, historic expansion and preservation continued throughout the city. South Commons has been revitalized. This area combines the complex of 1996 Olympic softball competition, A. J. McClung Memorial Stadium, Golden Park, Columbus Civic Center, and recently added Jonathan Hatcher Skateboard Park. The National Infantry Museum has been built in South Columbus, located just outside Fort Benning's main gate.
Columbus has a fine performing arts center. RiverCenter for the Performing Arts, which opened in 2002, houses the Columbus State University music department. In 2002 the department of art and drama of the State of Columbus moved to a downtown location. Such an initiative has provided Columbus with a cultural niche and with a vibrant and modern architecture mingled between the older brick facades.
The "Ready to Fly 2012" campaign is a project that creates about 700 new jobs and is projected to bring in $ 42 million annually to the Columbus area. This project produces the longest rafting spots in the world. This, in addition to other outdoor and non-outdoor attractions, caused approximately 1.8 million visitors to come to Columbus during fiscal 2015, according to the Columbus Convention and Visitor Bureau.
In the coming years, the city estimates that an additional 30,000 troops will be trained annually at Fort Benning due to basic rearrangement and other facility closures. As a result, Columbus is expected to see a large population increase.
Maps Columbus, Georgia
Geography
Columbus is one of three Fall Line Cities in Georgia, along with Augusta and Macon. The Fall Path is where the hilly plains of the Piedmont plateau meet the flat plains of the coastal plains. Thus, Columbus has a varied landscape of hills on the north and flat plains in the south. The fall line causes the river in the area to drop rapidly towards sea level. The textile factory was established here in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to harness the power of water from the waterfall. Columbus developed along the Chattahoochee River.
Interstate 185 runs east of the city, with access from 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12 and 14 exit to the city. Interstate 185 runs north of 96Ã, mi (154Ã, km) to Atlanta. US Routes 27, US Routes 280, and Georgia State Route 520 (known as South Georgia Parkway) all meet in the interior of the city. The 80 US route runs north of the city, locally known as J.R. Allen Parkway; The US Alternate Route 27 and the State Route Route of Georgia 85 run northeast from the city, known as the Bill Heard Expressway.
The city is located on 32Ã, Â ° 29? 23? N 84 Â ° 56? 26? W .
According to the US Census Bureau, the city has a total area of ​​221.0 square miles (572 km 2 ), of which 216.3 square miles (560 km 2 ) is land and 4 , 7 square miles (12 km 2 ) (2.14%) is water.
Climate
Columbus has a humid subtropical climate (KÃÆ'¶ppen Cfa ). Summer temperatures in summer often reach the highest point in the mid-90s, and low temperatures in winter averaged in the upper 30s. Columbus is often regarded as a dividing line or "natural snow" in the southeastern United States with the northern areas of the city receiving snow every year, with areas in the south usually not receiving snow every year or at all. Columbus is in the USDA 8b hardiness zone in downtown and the suburban 8a zone.
Cityscape
Columbus is divided into five geographic regions:
- City Center , also sometimes called "Uptown" (though "Uptown" is actually a title given to non-profit organizations that operate to encourage the growth and development of an area or "urban renewal" in the city as well as to the actual physical area of ​​development itself, which is an increasingly widespread subdivision of the Downtown district located in the area from Broadway to the Chattahoochee River) is the city's central business district, and home to several historic districts, homes, and churches, such as Columbus's Historic Historic Industrial District, the Mott House, and the Church of the Holy Family.
- East Columbus is a residential area located just east of the central business district.
- MidTown is a residential and commercial area; several historic districts have been established. This is the location of Aflac headquarters.
- North Columbus, also called "Northside," is a diverse suburban neighborhood, home to established neighborhoods and subdivisions, such as Green Island Hills and Oldtown. It has several shopping and lifestyle areas.
- South Columbus is located just below the MidTown area, and just north of Fort Benning. This is the site of the National Infantry Museum, honoring the history of infantry troops in the US Army. the museum is located here in an effort to introduce work and attract visitors to stimulate various activities. It has bars, honky tonks, and other businesses that appeal to young male soldiers from Fort Benning.
Around towns and cities
The Metropolitan area of ​​Columbus includes four districts in Georgia, and one in Alabama. Columbus-Auburn-Opelika, Combined Area Statistics GA-AL includes two additional districts in Alabama. The Census 2013 estimate shows 316,554 in the metro area, with 501,649 in the combined statistics area.
Demographics
At the 2010 US Census, Columbus has a total population of 189,885, up from 186,291 in the 2000 Census. The 2010 census reported 189,885 people, 72,124 households, and 47,686 families living in the city. Population density was 861.4 people per square mile (332.6/km 2 ). There are 82,690 housing units with an average density of 352.3 per square mile (136.0/km 2 ). City's racial makeup is 46.3% White, 45.5% African American, 2.2% Asian, 0.2% Native American, 0.14% Pacific Island, and 1.90% of other races. Hispanic or Latin of any race is 6.4% of the population.
There were 69,819 households where 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.7% were married couples living together, 19.6% had unmarried female households present, and 31.7% is non-family. 26.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.4% had someone living alone 65 or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.08.
In the city, the population is spread by 25.6% under the age of 18, 11.9% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 19.7% from 45 to 64, and 11.6% years or more. The mean age is 33 years. For every 100 females, there are 94.7 males. For every 100 women age 18 and over, there are 91.6 males.
The average income for households in the city is $ 41,331, and the average income of 2000 for families is 41,244. Men have an average income of $ 30,238 versus $ 24,336 for women. The per capita income for the city is $ 22,514. Approximately 12.8% of families and 15.7% of the population are below the poverty line, including 22.0% of those under the age of 18 and 12.1% of those aged 65 and older.
Religion
Columbus contains about 200 Christian churches, with the Southern Baptist Convention being the largest denomination by a number of churches. Columbus is also home to three Kingdom Centers for Jehovah's Witnesses, and one Greek Orthodox Church. Other religions are represented by two synagogues, three mosques, two Adventist churches, and a Hindu temple, the last two religions reflecting the growing number of immigrants in the region from Southeast Asia.
Economy
Companies headquartered in Columbus include Aflac, TSYS, Realtree, Synovus, and W. C. Bradley Co.
Top entrepreneurs
According to Columbus Comprehensive Annual Financial Report 2017, the top companies in the city are:
Art and culture
Destination
Museum
- Founded in 1953, the Columbus Museum (accredited by the American Alliance of Museums) contains regional historical artifacts as well as American artwork. It's installed displays from a permanent collection as well as a temporary exhibit. This is the largest art and history museum in the state of Georgia. Columbus is home to the National Civil War Naval Museum, a 40,000 square foot facility (3,700 m2) opened in 1962. It features two original US Civilian military vessels, uniforms, equipment and weapons used by the Union and Navy Confederation.
- The Coca-Cola Space Science Center was opened in 1996 for public education purposes in the fields of science, physics, and astronomy. This includes four flight simulators and the planetarium.
- The National Infantry Museum and Army Center opened in June 2009; it includes displays related to the history of the Infantry from the founding of the country to the present day. Its IMAX theater is used to display related films and special production.
Shopping
Columbus is served by a major indoor shopping center, Peachtree Mall, anchored by Dillard's big department stores, Macy's and J.C. Penney. The total retail floor area is 821,000 square feet (76,300 sqm). Major malls include Columbus Park Crossing, which opened in 2003, and The Landings, which opened in 2005. Columbus is also served by The Shoppes at Bradley Park, a lifestyle hub.
MidTown contains two early suburban shopping centers (Villages on 13 and St. Elmo), both recently renovated and offering local shops, restaurants and services.
Primary place
Below is a list of major places in the city of Columbus:
- A. J. McClung Memorial Stadium, football stadium. It was the venue for a soccer match between Georgia Bulldogs and Auburn Tigers from 1916 to 1958. It became the home of the Pioneer Bowl football college in December 2010, and hosted the annual competition between Tuskegee University and Morehouse College as well as between Albany State University and Fort Valley State University.
- Bradley Theater, a theater show that opened in mid-1940 by Paramount Pictures.
- Columbus Civic Center, a 10,000-seat multi-purpose arena that opened in 1996 and is home to the Columbus Lions (NAL). This is also the main arena used for concert events in Columbus.
- Golden Park, a 5,000-seat baseball stadium, is home to the Columbus Catfish and minor league Columbus Redstixx. It was also the venue for the 1996 Summer Olympic softball event held in the city of Columbus. Opened in 1926, making it the oldest baseball park in town.
- RiverCenter for the Performing Arts, a 2,000-seater modern theater performance theater that was first opened in 2002 and operated by the non-profit Columbus RiverCenter Inc. The theater is often used for local events, and is sometimes used for nationally recognized performances.
- Springer Opera House, a historic live theater performance located in Downtown that opened in early 1871. Former United States President Jimmy Carter proclaimed it as the State Theater of Georgia for the 1971-72 season. The legislature made a permanent determination in 1992.
Historical district
Columbus is home to 8 historic districts, all listed in NRHP. They are as follows:
- Bibb City Historic District
- Columbus Historic District
- Columbus Historic Riverfront Industrial District
- Dinglewood Historic District
- Peacock Woods-Dimon Circle Historic Area
- Weracoba-St. Elmo Historic District
- Hill-Overlook-Oak Circle Historical District
- Wynnton Village Historic District
Sports
Parks and recreation
Columbus is home to more than fifty parks, four recreation centers, four senior centers and parks, and Standing Boy Creek State Park.
Walking path
- Chattahoochee RiverWalk is a 15 mile (24 km) walking/bike path that connects users from Downtown to South Columbus and northern Fort Benning.
- The Columbus Fall Line Trace is an 11 mile (18 km) fitness trail that runs from the City Center to the northeast part of town.
- The Black Heritage Trail is a National Recreation Trail that has historical and cultural value.
Chattahoochee River White Water opened in 2012. After Eagle & amp; Phenix Dam is violated, the river flow is returned to the natural conditions that allow the course to be made. This 2.5 mile (4.0 km) long course is the world's longest rafting and kayaking trip, and has been rated the world's best-made fountain course by USA Today. It also features Blue Heron Adventure, a zip-line that connects users from the Georgia side of the river to the Alabama side with a rope course on the Alabama side and a zip-line back to Georgia.
Law and government
Selected officials
Mayor
- Teresa Tomlinson
City Council
- Jerry Barnes (District 1)
- Glenn Davis (District 2)
- Bruce Huff (District 3)
- Evelyn Turner-Pugh (District 4)
- Mike Baker (District 5)
- R. Gary Allen (District 6)
- Evelyn Woodson (District 7)
- Walker Garrett (District 8)
- Judy Thomas (District 9)
- Berry "Skip" Henderson (District 10)
District Attorney
- Julia Slater
Sheriff
- Donna Tompkins (2016)
Commissioner of Tax
- Lula Huff
Court Clerk
- Ann Hardman
Education
Primary and secondary education
The Muscogee County School District has a pre-school for the twelfth grade, and consists of thirty-five elementary schools, twelve secondary schools, and nine secondary schools. The district has 2,068 full-time teachers and over 32,944 students.
Library
Columbus is served by four branches of the Chattahoochee Valley Library:
- Columbus Public Library
- Mildred L. Terry Public Library
- North Columbus Public Library
- Public Library of South Columbus
Higher education
Public
- Columbus State University
- Columbus Technical College
- Georgia Military College - the main campus in Milledgeville, Georgia
- Troy University - main campus in Troy, Alabama
Private, for profit
- Christian Life School of Theology
- Miller-Motte Technical College - the main campus in Wilmington, North Carolina
- Rivertown School of Beauty
- Southeastern Beauty School
- Strayer University - the main campus in Baltimore, Maryland
- The University of Phoenix - the main campus in Phoenix, Arizona
- Virginia College - the main campus in Birmingham, Alabama
Media and communications
Infrastructure
Transportation
Airport
The Columbus Airport (IATA: CSG , ICAO: KCSG , FAA LID: CSG ) is the fourth major metro and airport airport airport in Georgia. It is located not far from I-185, exit 8. It is served by ExpressJet Airlines Delta Connection service, offering several daily flights to Atlanta.
Highway
- Interstate 185
- Interstate_14 (Future)
AS. Routes
- US Route 27
- Route 80 US
- US Route 280
- US. Route 27 Alternative
Georgia state route
- S.R. 1
- S.R. 22
- S.R. 85
- S.R. 219
- S.R. 411
- S.R. 520
- S.R. 540 (Fall Line Freeway)
Public transit
- METRA Transit System is the premier provider of mass transit in Muscogee County, currently operating twelve routes in Columbus. Public transport services are currently operated as a function of the Columbus Consolidation Government under METRA.
- Greyhound Lines provides an intercity bus service with a Columbus station located on Veterans Parkway, Downtown Columbus.
Famous people
Twin Cities
Columbus has four official twin cities: Zugdidi, Georgia
See also
- Downtown Columbus
- MidTown Columbus
- List of neighborhoods in Columbus, Georgia
- List of mayors of Columbus, Georgia
- List of schools in Muscogee County, Georgia
- Metro Columbus
- Black Heritage Trail (Columbus, Georgia) - National Recreation Route crossing town
- Further Reading
- Our City: An Introduction to the History of Columbus, Georgia by Roger Harris, 1992, The Columbus History Foundation
- Columbus, Georgia (Black America Series) by Judith Grant, 1999, Arcadia Publishing
- Columbus Celebrating the Millennium: An American Enterprise Series by Pamela Baker and Delane Chappell, 1999, Community Communications Inc.
- Yankee Blitzkrieg: Wilson's Raid Through Alabama and Georgia by James Pickett Jones, 2000, University of Kentucky Press
- Columbus, Georgia at Vintage Postcards (GA) (Postcard History Series) by Kenneth H. Thomas, Jr., 2001, Arcadia Publishing
- Enriching Life: The History of Columbus State University, by Reagan L. Grimsley, 2008. Donates Publishing.
- Historic Linwood Cemetery (American Image: Georgia) by Linda J. Kennedy, 2004, Arcadia Publishing
- Hell's Broke Loose in Georgia: Surviving the Civil War Regiment by Scott Walker, 2007, University of Georgia Press
- Lower Chattahoochee River (GA) (American Images) by The Columbus Museum, 2007, Arcadia Publishing
- Columbus, Georgia, 1865: Final Civil War Battle, by Charles A. Misulia, 2010, University of Alabama Press
References
Source
- [3]
Bibliography
External links
- Official Homepage
- Columbus Georgia Consolidated Government
- Columbus (entered in New Georgia Encyclopedia)
- Ã, "Columbus, the towns and counties of Muscogee county, Georgia, U.S.". EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica (issue 11). 1911.
- Ã, "Columbus, cities and districts of Muscogee County, Georgia". New International Encyclopedia . 1905.
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