In Canada, First Nations (in French: PremiÃÆ'¨res Nations is the dominant indigenous population in southern Canada from the Arctic Circle. Those in the Arctic area are different and are known as the Inuit. The MÃÆ'Ã… © tis, another distinct ethnicity, developed after European contact and relations especially between the people of First Nations and Europe. There are 634 governments or recognized First Nations bands spread across Canada, roughly half of them in the provinces of Ontario and British Columbia.
According to the Right to Employment Act, First Countries are "designated groups", together with women, visible minorities, and persons with physical or mental disabilities. The First Nation is not defined as a minority visible under the Act or under Canadian Statistics criteria.
Indigenous peoples of North America have a culture that spans thousands of years. Some of their oral traditions accurately depict historical events, such as the Cascadia earthquake of 1700 and the 18th century Tseax Cone eruption. Written records began with the arrival of European explorers and colonists during the Age of Discovery, beginning at the end of the 15th century. European accounts by trappers, merchants, explorers, and missionaries provide important evidence of early contact culture. In addition, archaeological and anthropological research, as well as linguistics, has helped scholars unite understanding of ancient cultures and historic societies.
Although not without conflict, early Euro-Canadian interactions with First Nations, MÃÆ'Ã… © tis, and the Inuit population were less aggressive than the frequent battles between colonists and indigenous people in the United States. Combined with later economic development, this relatively non-aggressive history has allowed the First Nations nations to have an influence on Canada's national culture, while maintaining their own identity.
Video First Nations
Terminology
Collectively, the First Nations , Inuit , and the MÃÆ'Â © tis community are Indigenous peoples in Canada, from the Americas, or the first nation. The First Nations as a term became officially used beginning in the 1980s to replace the term Indian band in reference to the Indian group with common governance and language. The term began to be used in the 1970s to avoid the use of the word Indian , which some of Canada considered offensive. There is no legal definition of the term.
Some indigenous peoples in Canada have also adopted the term First Nation to replace the word band in the official name of their community. A band is "the body of the Indian (a) for which its use and benefit on common ground... has been set apart, (b)... money is stored... or (c) declared... to be a band for the purposes of" the Indian Act by the Canadian Crown.
The term India is mistakenly given to indigenous North Americans by European explorers who mistakenly thought they had landed on the Indian subcontinent. The use of the term Native Americans , which have been adopted by the US government and others, is not common in Canada. This is more specific to indigenous peoples living within the borders of the United States. The parallel term Native Canadian is not commonly used, but Native (in English) and autochtone (in French Canadian; from the Greek automatic , self-owned, and chthon , ground) is. Under the Royal Proclamation of 1763, also known as the "Indian Magna Carta," the Crown refers to indigenous peoples in the territory of England as a tribe or nation. The terms First Nations are capitalized. Bands and nations may have slightly different meanings.
In Canada, First Nations has become a common use for indigenous peoples other than Inuit and MÃÆ'Ã… © tis. Individuals who use the term outside Canada include the US tribes in the Northwest Pacific, as well as supporters of the Cascadian independence movement. The singular, commonly used in politicized cultural reserves, is the term First Person of the Nation (when gender-specific, First First or First Date >). A newer trend is for members of different countries to call themselves only with their national or tribal identities, for example, "I Haida", or "We Kwantlens", in recognition of a distinctive First Nation.
Maps First Nations
History
- For pre-history, see: the Paleo-Indian and Archaic periods (Canada)
Nationhood
- First Nations by the linguistic-cultural region: List of First Nations nations
The first nations had settled and established trade routes in what is now Canada in 1,000 BC to 500 BC. Developing communities, each with its own culture, customs, and character. In the northwest there are people speaking Athapaskan, Slavey, T ??? ch ?, Tutchone-speaking people, and Tlingit. Along the Pacific coast are Haida, Salish, Kwakiutl, Nuu-chah-nulth, Nisga'a and Gitxsan. On the plains are Blackfoot, Kainai, Sarcee and Northern Peigan. In the northern forest is Cree and Chipewyan. Around the Great Lakes there are Anishinaabe, Algonquin, Iroquois, and Wyandot. Along the Atlantic coast are Beothuk, Maliseet, Innu, Abenaki and Micmac.
The Blackfoot Confederacies are located in the Great Plains of Montana and the provinces of Alberta, Alberta, British Columbia and Saskatchewan in Canada. The name "Blackfoot" comes from the color of people's leather footwear, known as moccasins. They have painted or painted the bottom of their black moccasins. One account claims that the Blackfoot Confederation goes through the ashes of a prairie fire, which in turn color the bottom of their black moccasins. They migrated to the Great Plains and west of the upper Northeastern region. The Blackfoot started as Woodland Nations but as they walked into the plains, they adapted to a new way of life and became accustomed to the land. They established themselves as Lowland Indians at the end of the 18th century, earning the name "The Lords of the Plains".
Squamish history is a series of past events, both inherited through the current oral and historical tradition, of the Squamish indigenous people in the Pacific Northwest Coast. Prior to colonization, they recorded their history through oral tradition as a way to pass stories, laws, and knowledge across generations. It's common among everyone. The writing system established in the 1970s uses the Latin alphabet as a base. Knowledgeable parents have a responsibility to provide historical knowledge to the next generation. People live and prosper for thousands of years until the Great Flood. In another story, after the Flood, they will be refilled from Schenks and Chekwelp villages, located in Gibsons. When the water lines recede, the Squamish first appears. The first man, named Tse? ÃÆ'¡nchten, built his longhouse in the village, and later on another man named XelÃÆ'¡lten, appeared on the roof of the long house and sent by the Creator, or in Squamish keke7nex siyam . He calls this man his brother. From these two men the population began to increase and Squamish spread through their territory.
The Iroquois's influence extended from northern New York to what is now southern Ontario and Montreal in modern Quebec. The Iroquois Confederation was, of oral tradition, formed around the year 1142. Being able to cultivate the Three Sisters (maize/beans/squash), Iroquois became powerful because of their confederation. Gradually the Algonquian adopted agricultural practices that allowed the larger population to be maintained.
Assiniboine is a close ally and trading partner of Cree, engaged in a war against Gros Ventres with them, and then against Blackfeet. People of the Lowlands, they did not go farther north than the North Saskatchewan River and bought many European merchandise through Cree's intermediary from Hudson's Bay Company. The lifestyles of this group are semi-nomadic, and they will follow the herd of bison during the warmer months. They trade with European merchants, and work with the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara tribes.
In the earliest oral history, Algonquins came from the Atlantic coast. Together with other AnicinÃÆ'pek, they arrived at "First Stop Place" near Montreal. While the other AnicinÃÆ' pe went on their way up to St. Lawrence, Algonquins settled along KitcisÃÆ'¬pi (Ottawa River), an important highway for trade, cultural exchange, and transportation from time immemorial. The different identities of Algonquin, though, were not realized until after the AnicinÃÆ' pek division in the "Third Place of Termination", estimated about 2,000 years ago near Detroit today.
According to their tradition, and from the recording on the wiigwaasabak (the birch bark roll), Ojibwe (the Algonquian-speaking) comes from the eastern region of North America, or Turtle Island, and from along the east coast. They are traded extensively throughout the continent for thousands of years and know canoe routes to the west and land routes to the west coast. According to oral history, seven creatures of miigis (luminous/colorful) appeared to the people at Waabanakiing to teach people from the roads of life. One of the seven spiritually powerful spiritual myths and kills people in Waabanakiing when people are in front of him. Six great beings miigis continue to teach while one returns to the ocean. The six great miigis then formed the doodem (clan) for the people in the east. From this doodem , the five original Anishinaabe doodem are Wawaazisii (Bullhead), Baswenaazhi (Echo maker, ie, Crane ), Aan'aawenh (Pintail Duck), Nooke (Tender, ie, Bear) and Moozoonsii (Little Moose), then six creatures < i> miigis is back to the ocean too. If all miigis live, it will form Thunderbird doodem .
Nuu-chah-nulth is one of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast. The term 'Nuu-chah-nulth' is used to describe the first fifteen separate but related First Countries, such as Tla-o-qui-aht First Nations, Ehattesaht First Nation and Hesquiaht First Nation whose traditional homes are in the Pacific Northwest on the west coast of Vancouver Island. In the pre-contact and early post-contact times, the number of countries is much greater, but smallpox and other contact consequences result in the loss of groups, and the absorption of others into neighboring groups. Nuu-chah-nulth is the relationship between Kwakwaka'wakw, Haisla, and Ditidaht. The Nuu-chah-nulth language is part of the Wakashan language group.
The 1999 discovery of the body of KwÃÆ'¤day DÃÆ'¤n Ts'ÃÆ'¬nchi has provided important information about indigenous life before extensive European contacts. KwÃÆ'¤day DÃÆ'¤n Ts'ÃÆ'¬nchi (which means Long Ago People Found in Southern Tutchone), or Canadian Ice Man , is a body naturally found in the mummified Tatshenshini- Alsek Provincial Park in British Columbia, by a group of hunters. The radiocarbon dating of artifacts found with the body places the age of findings between 1450 AD and 1700 AD. The genetic test shows that he is a member of the First Countries of Champagne and Aishihik. The local clan is considering a potlatch warning in honor of KwÃÆ'¤day DÃÆ'¤n Ts'ÃÆ'¬nchi.
European Contact
Aboriginal people in Canada interacted with Europeans since 1000 AD, but the old contacts only occurred after the Europeans established permanent settlements in the 17th and 18th centuries. European accounts noted the hospitality of First Countries, who profited in trade with the Europeans. Such trade strengthens a more organized political entity such as the Iroquois Confederation. The Aboriginal population is estimated to be between 200,000 and two million by the end of the 15th century. The influence of European colonization is forty to eighty percent of the Aboriginal population lowering pascakontak. This is due to a variety of factors, including recurrent European infectious diseases such as influenza, measles and smallpox (where they do not develop immunity), inter-state conflicts over feather trade, conflict with the colonial government and settlers and loss of land and subsequent loss of independence country. For example, in the late 1630s, smallpox killed more than half of the Huron, which controlled most of the early feather trade in Canada. Reduced to less than 10,000 people, Huron was attacked by Iroquois, their traditional enemy. In the Maritimes, Beothuk disappeared completely.
There were reports of contacts made before Christopher Columbus between the first people and people from another continent. Even in Columbus time there was much speculation that other Europeans had traveled in ancient or contemporary times; Gonzalo FernÃÆ'¡ndez de Oviedo y ValdÃÆ'Â © s records these stories in his book General y natural historia de las Indias in 1526, which includes biographical information about Columbus. Aboriginal first contact period is not well defined. The earliest accounts of contact occurred at the end of the 10th century, between Beothuk and Norseman. According to Sagas men in Iceland, the first Europeans to see what is now Canada is Bjarni HerjÃÆ'³lsson, who was blown off on a journey from Iceland to Greenland in the summer of 985 or 986 CE. The first European explorers and settlers of what is now Canada are dependent on the First Nation, for resources and trade to survive. The first written account of interaction shows the dominant dominant bias of the World, which labeled indigenous peoples as wild, even though indigenous peoples are organized and self-reliant. Although not without conflict, early European/Canadian interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations are relatively peaceful, compared to indigenous experiences in the United States.
16th-18th century
The Kingdom of Portugal claims to have territorial rights in the area visited by Cabot. In 1493 Pope Alexander VI - assuming international jurisdiction - has divided the territory found in America between Spain and Portugal. The following year, in the Treaty of Tordesillas, these two kingdoms decided to draw the dividing line running north-south, 370 leagues (from 1,500 to 2,200 km (930 to 1,370 mi) roughly depending on the league used) to the west of the Cape Islands Verde. The land to the west will be Spain, to the eastern Portuguese. Given the erratic geography of the day, it seems to be giving the "new island" to Portugal. On the 1502 Cantino map, Newfoundland appears on the Portuguese side of the line (as does Brazil). An expedition captured about 60 Aboriginal people as slaves who were said to "resemble gypsies in color, features, stature and aspect, dressed in the skins of various animals... They are very shy and gentle, but also form in arms and legs and shoulders outside description.... "Some of the prisoners, sent by Gaspar Corte-Real, reached Portugal. The others drowned, with Gaspar, on the way home. Gaspar's sister, Miguel Corte-Real, went looking for him in 1502, but also failed to return. Scholars believe that the inscription carved Miguel Corte-Real in the controversial Dighton Rock.
In 1604 King Henry IV of France gave Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons a feather trade monopoly. Dugua leads his first colonization expedition to an island near the mouth of the River St. Croix. Samuel de Champlain, his geographer, soon undertook a major exploration on the northeast coastline of what is now the United States. Under Samuel de Champlain, the settlement of Saint Croix moved to Port Royal (Annapolis Royal today, Nova Scotia), a new site in the Bay of Fundy, on the coast of the Annapolis Basin, an inlet in western Nova Scotia. Acadia became the most successful French colony of the time. The cancellation of the Dugua feather monopoly in 1607 ended the Port Royal settlement. Champlain persuaded the First Countries to enable him to stay on St. Lawrence, where in 1608 he would find Canada's first permanent colony in Quebec City. The Acadia colony grew slowly, reaching a population of about 5,000 in 1713. The new France has a cod fishery community, and the agricultural economy supports communities along the St. Lawrence. The French voyage traveled deep inland (what is currently Quebec, Ontario, and Manitoba, and what is now the American Midwest and Mississippi Valley), trades with the First Nation as they go - guns, gunpowder, cloth, knives, and kettles for otters. Trade feathers maintain the interest of French overseas colonists alive, but only encourages small colonial populations, as it requires minimal labor. Trade also undermines the development of agriculture, the most certain foundation of a colony in the New World. The MÃÆ' Â © tis
The MÃÆ'Â © tis (from French mÃÆ' Â © tis - "mix") is a descendant of the union between Cree, Ojibwe, Algonquin, Saulteaux, Menominee, Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, and other First Countries in the 16th century, 17th, 18th and 19th centuries and Europe, especially France. According to Indian and Northern Affairs of Canada, MÃÆ'Ã… © tis is historically the children of French feather merchants and Nehiyaw women or, from the British or Scottish unions and the Northern Dene women (Anglo-MÃÆ'Ã… © tis). The MÃÆ'Ã… © tis speaks or still speaks good MÃÆ' Â © tis French or a mixed language called Michif. Michif , Mechif or MÃÆ' Â © tchif is the spelling of phonetic pronunciation MÃÆ' Â © tis MÃÆ' Â © tif , the variant from MÃÆ'Ã… © tis . The MÃÆ'Ã… © tis in 2013 is predominantly speaking English, with a second strong French language, as well as many Aboriginal languages. MÃÆ'Â © French tis are best kept in Canada, Michif in the United States, especially at Turtle Mountain Indian Reserves in North Dakota, where Michif is the official language of MÃÆ'Â © tis who is on this Chippewa reservation. The impetus and use of MÃÆ'Â © tis France and Michif thrived because of the reach on the provincial council of MÃ © tias after at least one generation declined sharply. Canadian Indians and North Affairs define MÃÆ'®tis to be the people of the First Nations mix and the ancestors of Europe.
Colonial war
Aligned with France, the first countries of the Confederation Acadia Wabanaki fought six colonial wars against the British and their native allies (See French and Indian War, Father Rale War and Father Le Loutre War). In the second war, Queen Anne War, England conquered Acadia (1710). The sixth and final colonial war between the French and British countries (1754-1763), resulted in France submitting their claims and the British claiming Canadian land.
In this last war, the French-Indian alliance brings together Americans, First Nations, and French, based in Great Lakes and the State of Illinois. The alliance involves French settlers on one side, and on the other is Abenaki, Odawa, Menominee, Ho-Chunk (Winnebago), Mississaugas, Illiniwek, Huron-Petun, Potawatomi, etc. This allowed the French and Indians to form shelter in the central-Ohio valley before an open conflict between European powers erupted.
In the Royal Proclamation of 1763, the United Kingdom recognized the right of indigenous peoples' agreement and decided to only settle the legally purchased territory of indigenous peoples. Agreements and land purchases were made in some cases by the UK, but the lands of some native states remain unchanged and/or unresolved.
Slavery
The First Nation routinely captured slaves from neighboring tribes. Sources reported that the conditions in which the First Nation slaves lived could be brutal, with the Makah tribe practicing deaths from starvation as punishment and Pacific coast tribes routinely performing slave-slaughter rituals as part of social ceremonies into the mid-1800s. The slave-keeping tribes of the fishing communities, such as Yurok and Haida live along the coast from what is now Alaska to California. The fierce indigenous slave traders in the Pacific Northwest Coast invaded south as far as California. Slavery is hereditary, the slaves and their descendants are considered prisoners of war. Several tribes in British Columbia continued to separate and isolate the descendants of slaves in the late 1970s. Among the Pacific Northwest tribes about a quarter of its inhabitants are slaves.
New French citizens receive slaves as a gift from their allies among the First Nations nations. Slaves are prisoners taken to attack villages in the Fox state, a tribe that is an ancient rival to the Miami people and their Algonquian allies. Original (or "pani", corruption of Pawnee) slaves are much more accessible and thus more than African slaves in New France, but are less appreciated. The average indigenous slave died at the age of 18, and the average African slave died at the age of 25 (the average European could expect to live to the age of 35). In 1790 the abolition movement gained a place in Canada and the slavery intentions of slavery were proved by an incident involving a slave woman who was cruelly tortured by her slave owner on her way to be sold in the United States. The Act Against Slavery 1793 establishes the abolition of slavery gradually: no slaves can be imported; slaves already in the province will remain enslaved to death, no new slaves can be brought to Upper Canada, and children born from slave girls will become slaves but must be released at the age of 25. The law remained in force until 1833 when British Parliamentary Slavery The Abolition Act eventually abolished slavery throughout the British Empire. Historian Marcel Trudel has documented 4,092 slaves recorded throughout Canadian history, of which 2,692 Aboriginal people, owned by France, and 1,400 blacks owned by the British, are jointly owned by about 1,400 masters. Trudel also recorded 31 marriages taking place between French colonists and Aboriginal slaves.
1775-1815
The British agents worked to make the First State a British military ally, providing supplies, weapons, and encouragement. During the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) most tribes supported England. In 1779, the United States launched a campaign to burn the Iroquois villages of New York State. The refugees fled to Fort Niagara and other British posts, and remained permanently in Canada. Although Britain handed the Old Northwest to the United States in the Treaty of Paris in 1783, it maintained its defense and trading post in the territory until 1795. Britain then vacated the American territory, but operated a trading post in the British territory, providing weapons and encouragement to the rejecting tribe America's expansion into areas such as Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois and Wisconsin. Officially, British agents did not advocate war activities or raids in American settlements, but America became increasingly angry, and this became one of the causes of the War of 1812.
In the war, the vast majority of the First Nation supported England, and many fought under the auspices of Tecumseh. But Tecumseh was killed in battle in 1813 and the Indian coalition collapsed. Britain had long wanted to create a neutral Indian state in Old Northwest America, and made this request until the end of 1814 at peace negotiations in Ghent. The Americans rejected the idea, the British dropped it, and British Indian allies lost British support. In addition, Indians can no longer collect feathers in the Americas. Abandoned by their powerful sponsors, the natives of the Great Lakes eventually assimilated into American society, migrated to the west or to Canada, or transferred to reservations in Michigan and Wisconsin. Historians have agreed that the Indians were big losers in the War of 1812.
19th century
Living conditions for indigenous people in pasture areas deteriorate rapidly. Between 1875 and 1885, European settlers and hunters contributed to the hunt for the near-extinct North American bison; the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway brought a large number of European settlers to the west that penetrated the Indigenous territories. Europe Canada established government, police forces, and courts of law with various foundations of customary practices. Various epidemics continue to destroy the Indigenous community. All of these factors have a huge impact on Indigenous people, especially those from the plains that rely heavily on bison for food and clothing. Most of the countries that agree to the agreement have negotiated for food security and help to start farming. When the bison disappeared (the last Canadian hunt occurred in 1879), Lieutenant Governor Edgar Dewdney cut the rations to the natives in an effort to reduce government costs. Between 1880 and 1885, some 3,000 Natives died of famine in the North-West/Northwest Territories.
Offended by the concept of agreement, Cree's head rejected them. Big Bear refused to sign Treaty 6 to starvation among his people forcing his hand in 1882. His efforts to unite the Native countries made progress. In 1884 MÃÆ'Â © tis (including Anglo-MÃÆ'Ã… © tis) asked Louis Riel to return from the United States, where he fled after the Red River Rebellion, to appeal to the government on their behalf. The government gave an unclear response. In March 1885, Riel, Gabriel Dumont, HonorÃÆ'Â © Jackson (a.k.a. Will Jackson), Crowfoot, First Head of Blackfoot Nation and Head Poundmaker, who after 1876 negotiated the 6th Agreement to break away to form his band. Together, they founded the Provisional Government of Saskatchewan, believing that they could influence the federal government in the same way as in 1869. The North-Western Revolt of 1885 was a short and unsuccessful rebellion by the people of MÃ © this of the District of Saskatchewan below Louis Riel fought the Dominion of Canada, whom they believed had failed to overcome their concern for the survival of their people. In 1884, 2,000 Cree of the reserves met near Battleford to organize a cohesive big resistance. Unhappy with the lack of government response, but fueled by the efforts of the MÃÆ'Â © tis on the armed uprising, Wandering Spirit and other young Cree militants attacked the small town of Frog Lake, killing Thomas Quinn, a hated Indian Agent and eight others. Although Big Bear is actively opposed to attacks, he is accused and tried for treason and sentenced to three years in prison. After the Red River Rebellion from 1869 to 1870, MÃÆ'Â © tis moved from Manitoba to the District of Saskatchewan, where they established settlements in Batoche on the South Saskatchewan River.
In Manitoba settlers from Ontario began to arrive. They encourage land to be allocated within the British Canadian squares system of England, rather than the seigneurial system of strips that reach back from the river known by the Mês in their French-Canadian culture. Buffalo is being hunted to extinction by the Hudson Bay Company and other hunters, as for the generation that MÃÆ'® tis has relied on them as the main source of food.
Colonization and integration
The colonial history is complex, varying according to time and place. France and Britain are the main invading forces involved, although the United States is also beginning to expand its territory at the expense of indigenous people as well.
From the late 18th century, Canadian Europeans encouraged the First Nation to assimilate into a European-based culture, referred to as "Canadian culture". The assumption is that this is a "right" culture because Canadians of European descent see themselves as dominant, and technologically, politically and culturally superior. There is resistance to this assimilation and many businesses reject European practices. The Tecumseh Wigwam of Toronto, for example, does not adhere to the widespread observance of the Lord's Day, making it a popular place, especially on Sundays. These efforts reached a climax in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Established in the 19th century, the Canadian Indian housing school system is intended to force the assimilation of Aboriginal and First Nations into European-Canadian societies. The purpose of these schools, which separates children from their families, has been described by commentators as "killing Indians in children."
Funded under Indian Law by India and Canada's Northern Affairs, branches of the federal government, schools run by churches of various denominations - about 60% by Roman Catholics, and 30% by the Anglican Church of Canada and the Church of Unity of Canada, along with its pre-1925 predecessors, the Presbyterian, Congregational and Methodist churches.
Attempts to force assimilation involve punishing children for speaking their own language or practicing their own beliefs, leading to accusations in the 20th century of cultural genocide and ethnocide. There is widespread physical and sexual abuse. Density, poor sanitation, and lack of medical treatment lead to high rates of tuberculosis, and mortality rates of up to 69%. Details of student persecution have been published many times throughout the 20th century, but after the closure of schools in the 1960s, the work of indigenous activists and historians led to a change in public perception of the school system of residence, as well as an official government apology, and legal settlement (controversial).
Colonization has a significant impact on diet and health First Nations. According to the historian Mary-Ellen Kelm, "inadequate allocation of reserves, restrictions on food fisheries, overhunting, and over-trapping" distances the First Country from their traditional way of life, which damages their physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual health.
20th century
When Canadian development ideas developed around the beginning of the 20th century, federal Indian policy was directed at removing indigenous people from their communal lands and encouraging assimilation. The amendments to the Indian Law of 1905 and 1911 made it easier for the government to take control of the reserve land of First Nations. The government sold almost half of Blackfoot's reserves in Alberta to the settlers.
When the Kainai (Blood) Nation refused to accept the sale of their land in 1916 and 1917, the Department of Indian Affairs withdrew the necessary funds for agriculture until they succumbed. In British Columbia, the Royal Commission of McKenna-McBride was formed in 1912 to resolve disputes over land reserves in the province. The claims of the Natives were ignored, and the commission allocated a new, less valuable (reserve) land for the First Nation.
Countries that have maintained their ownership of good land often succeed in farming. Indigenous peoples living near the Cowichan and Fraser rivers, and those from Saskatchewan managed to produce good crops. Since 1881, the First People of the Nation living in the prairie province need permission from Indian Agents to sell their products. The government then created a fitting system in the old Northwest Territories that required indigenous people to seek written permission from Indian Agents before leaving their reserves for long periods of time. Indigenous peoples regularly oppose the law, as well as prohibitions against Sun Dances and potlatches, in an attempt to practice their culture.
The Constitution of 1930 or the Natural Resource Law is part of the change of recognition of the rights of indigenous peoples. This allows provincial control of the land and allows provincial laws governing the game to be applied to Indians, but also ensures that "Indians will have the right... from hunting, trapping and fishing games and fish for food in all seasons of the year all Crown land uninhabited and in another land where the Indians may have the right to access. "
First and Second World War
More than 6,000 First Nations, Inuit and MÃÆ'Ã… © tis were presented with British troops during the First World War and the Second World War. A generation of young native men fought on the European battlefield during the Great War and about 300 of them died there. When Canada declared war on Germany on September 10, 1939, the indigenous community quickly responded to volunteers. Four years later, in May 1943, the government declared that, as British citizens, all Indian men of military age could be summoned for training and service in Canada or abroad.
End of the 20th century
After the end of the Second World War, Canada's First Nations Act began to change, albeit slowly. The federal ban on potlatch ceremonies and the Sun Dance ended in 1951. The provincial government began to accept the right of Indigenous people to vote. In June 1956, section 9 of the Citizenship Act was amended to grant formal citizenship to the Indian and Inuit Status, retroactively since January 1947.
In 1960, the First Nations people accepted the right to vote in federal elections without losing their Indian status. By comparison, Native Americans in the United States have been allowed to vote since the 1920s.
1969 White Book
In his 1969 White Paper, the Minister of Indian Affairs, Jean Chrà © Å © tien, proposed the abolition of the Indian Act of Canada, the abandonment of Aboriginal land claims, and the assimilation of First Nations people into the Canadian population with "other ethnic minority" status rather than as a group different.
Harold Cardinal and Head of Indian Indians responded with a document titled "Citizens Plus" but commonly known as "Red Paper". In it, they explain the widespread controversy of the Status of India against the ChrÃÆ'Â © tien proposal. Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and the Liberals began withdrawing from the 1969 White Papers, especially after Calder's case decision in 1973. After the Canadian Supreme Court recognized that customary rights and covenant rights were not extinguished, a process was initiated to resolve land claims. and contractual rights and is taking place today.
Health transfer policy
In 1970, severe mercury poisoning, called Ontario Minamata disease, was discovered among Asubpeeschoseewagong First Nation and Wabaseemoong Independent Nations residents near Dryden, Ontario. There is widespread mercury contamination caused by the Dryden Chemicals wastewater in the Wabigoon-British River system. Because local fish are no longer safe to eat, the Ontario provincial government closed commercial fisheries run by the First Nation and ordered them to stop eating local fish. Previously it has made the most of their food. In addition to acute mercury poisoning in northwestern Ontario, the citizens of Aamjiwnaang First Nation near Sarnia, Ontario, are subjected to various chemical effects, including severe mercury poisoning. They suffer from low birth rates, unbalanced gender ratios, and health effects among residents. This led to legislation and finally the Indian Health Transfer Policy that provides a framework for the assumption of healthcare controls by First Nations people, and establishes a developmental approach to transfer centering on the concept of self-determination in the health field. Through this process, the decision to enter into a transfer discussion with Health Canada rests with each community. After engaging in transfers, communities can take charge of health programs at the speed determined by their individual circumstances and health management capabilities.
The capacity, experience and relationships developed by the First Nation as a result of health transfers were the factors that helped establish the First Nation's Health Authority in British Columbia. Elijah Harper and the Meech Lake Deal
Elijah Harper and Meech Lake Deal
In 1981, Elijah Harper, a Cree from Red Sucker Lake, Manitoba, became the first "Indian Covenant" in Manitoba to be elected to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba. In 1990, Harper achieved national fame by holding an eagle feather when he refused to accept the Meech Lake Agreement, a negotiated amendment package of the constitution to obtain Quebec's approval of the Constitution Act, 1982, but also one that did not address the complaints of First Nations. The deal was negotiated in 1987 without input from Canadian Aboriginal communities. Third, the last constitutional conference on the Aboriginal community also did not work. The Manitoba Assembly was asked to approve a movement which allowed it to vote on the treaty, because of procedural rules. Twelve days before the ratification deadline for the Accord, Harper started a filibuster that prevented the assembly from ratifying the treaty. Since Lake Meech failed in Manitoba, the proposed constitutional amendments failed. Harper also opposed the Charlottetown Approval in 1992, though the First Assembly of the Ovide Mercredi Assembly supported him.
Women's spouse and Bill C-31
According to Indian law, the status of Indian women married to non-Indian men loses their status of covenant, and their children will get no status. However, in the opposite situation, if an Indian man is married to a woman who is not of Indian status, the man will retain his status and his children will also receive the status of the agreement. In the 1970s, the Indian Women's Rights Group for Women and the Indigenous Women's Association of Canada campaigned against this policy for discrimination against women and failed to fulfill promises of covenants. They succeeded in convincing the federal government to change part of the action with the adoption of Bill C-31 on 28 June 1985. Women who have lost their status and excluded children can then register and obtain official Indian status. In spite of these changes, the status of Indian women married to non-Indian men can pass their status to one generation only: their children will gain status, but (without marriage to full India status) grandchildren they will not. A male Indian man married to a woman who is not an Indian status maintains a status like his children, but his wife does not get the status, nor his grandchildren.
Bill C-31 also gives power to selected bands to regulate who is allowed to rely on their reserves and to control the development of their reserves. This eliminates the concept of "granting rights" by which First Nations people can acquire certain rights by releasing their Indian status.
Erasmus-Dussault Commission
In 1991, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney created the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Communities chaired by Renà ©  © Dussault and Georges Erasmus. The 1996 report they proposed the formation of a government for (and by) the First State to be responsible in its own jurisdiction, and by which the federal government would speak on the basis of "Nation-Nations". This proposal offers a far different way of doing politics than the traditional policy of assigning First Countries problems under the jurisdiction of the Affairs of India and the North, administered by a federal cabinet minister. The report also recommends Providing First Countries governments with up to $ 2 billion annually through 2010, to reduce economic disparities between First Countries and other Canadian citizens. The money will represent an increase of at least 50% to the Indian and Northern Affairs budget. The report involves the First Nations leaders to think of ways to address the challenging issues facing their people, so that the First Countries can take their destiny into their own hands.
The federal government, headed by Jean Chrà © Å © tien, responded to the report a year later by formally apologizing for the forced acculturation imposed by the federal government on the First State, and by offering a "preliminary" provision of $ 350 million.
In the spirit of the Eramus-Dussault commission, tripartite treaties (federal, provincial, and First Nations) have been signed since the report was issued. Several political crises between different provincial governments and different groups of First Nations also occurred at the end of the 20th century, especially the Oka Crisis, Ipperwash Crisis, Burned Church Crisis, and Lake Gustafsen impasse.
The beginning of the 21st century
In 2001, the government of Quebec, the federal government, and Cree Nation signed the "La Paix des Braves" ( The Peace of the Braves, references to the 1701 peace agreement between France and the Iroquois League). The agreement allows Hydro-QuÃÆ' Â © bec to exploit the province's hydroelectric resources in return for a $ 3.5 billion allocation to be awarded to the Cree Nation government. Later, the Inuit tribe of northern Quebec (Nunavik) joined the agreement.
In 2005, First State leaders, various provincial governments, and the federal government produced an agreement called the Kelowna Agreement, which would generate $ 5 billion over 10 years, but the new federal government Stephen Harper (2006) did not follow through on the paper work. The First Nations, along with MÃÆ' Â © tis and Inuit, have claimed to receive insufficient funds for education, and accused their rights of being neglected. James Bartleman, Lieutenant Governor of Ontario, mentions indigenous youth encouragement as one of his top priorities. During his tenure which began in 2002, he launched an initiative to promote literacy and bridge development. Bartleman himself was the first Aboriginal to hold the position of lieutenant governor in Ontario.
In 2006, 76 communities of First Nations were in a state of boiling water advisory. At the end of 2005, the drinking crisis at Kaschechewan First Nation gained national media attention when E. coli was found in their water supply system, after two years of living under boiling water guidance. Drinking water is supplied by a new processing plant built in March 1998. The cause of contaminated water is the installed chlorine injector not found by the local operator, which is not eligible to run the treatment plant. When officials arrive and fix the problem, chlorine levels around 1.7 mg/l, are blamed for skin disorders such as impetigo and scabies. The Health Canada-led investigation revealed that skin disorders are likely due to living in squalor. The Kashechewan evacuation was mostly seen by Canadians as a cry for help for other basic social and economic problems facing Aboriginal people in Canada.
On June 29, 2007, Canadian Aboriginal groups held a nationwide protest aimed at ending First Nations poverty, dubbed Aboriginal Action Day. Demonstrations were largely peaceful, although the group disrupted transport by blockades or bonfires; Highway 401 stretches are closed, like the Canadian National Railway between Toronto and Montreal.
The Idle No More protest movement begins among Aboriginal people in Canada and their non-Aboriginal supporters in Canada, and to a lesser extent, internationally. It consists of a number of political acts around the world, partly inspired by the hunger strike Attnapiskat Chief Theresa Spence and further coordinated through social media. Reaction to alleged infringement of indigenous treaty rights by the federal government at this time, the movement took a special issue with the recent bill omnibus Bill C-45.
Canadian Royal Relations and First Nations
The relationship between Canada's Crown and First Nation, Inuit, and MÃÆ'Â © tis Canadian society stretches back to the first interaction between European colonists and native North Americans. Over the centuries of interaction, treaties were made, and Canadian First Countries had, like M? Ori and the Waitangi Agreement in New Zealand, generally see this agreement as between them and the Canadian Crown, and not a changed government.
The Association is among Canadian Aboriginal people and ruling kings in Canada; as stated in the proposed United Nations Federal Political Agreement: "cooperation will serve as a basis for partnership between Canada and the First Countries, where Canada is a short form of reference to His Royal Highness in Canada". This relationship is governed by the established agreement; The Supreme Court declared that the treaty "serves to reconcile the pre-existing Aboriginal sovereignty with the assumed Crown sovereignty, and to define Aboriginal rights," and the First Countries see this covenant intended to survive "as the sun shines, grass grows and rivers - flowing stream ".
Taxation
Although taxes are not specifically addressed in the written terms of the agreement, a guarantee of taxation is clearly offered when at least some agreements are negotiated.
Various exceptions based on tax laws are stipulated under the current Law of India, which read:
Many scholars believe that this exemption serves to suppress Aboriginal people by allowing conservative-minded courts to instill their own (sometimes discriminatory) views into the jurisprudence of Aboriginal taxation. As one professor wrote:
[Because] income-generating activities in the "commercial mainstream" contrast with income-generating activities that are "closely linked" to the reserve... [The Canadian Tax Court states that the Aboriginal community's "traditional way of life" does not embrace "economic aspects"... outside the subsistence economy. [footnote removed]
Political organization
Self-government has given their heads and council forces that combine them from provinces, school boards, health councils and municipalities. The board also largely governs itself about utilities, environmental protection, natural resources, building codes, etc. There is a concern that this vast authority, concentrated in a single council, may be the cause of dysfunctional governments experienced by many First Countries.
The First Assembly of the Nation (AFN) is the body of the leaders of the First Nations in Canada. The purpose of the organization is to protect the rights, obligations of agreements, ceremonies, and claim of First Nationality in Canada.
After the failure of the Indian League in Canada during the Interwar and Indian North American Fraternities in the two decades after the Second World War, Canadian Aboriginal people reorganized themselves once again in the early 1960s. The National Council of India was formed in 1961 to represent Indigenous peoples, including the Treaty/Status of India, non-status persons, MÃÆ'Ã… © tis people, though not the Inuit people. The organization also collapsed in 1968 because the three groups failed to act as one, so the non-status group and MÃ © landis formed the Native Council of Canada and the Treaty/Status group formed the National Indian Brotherhood (NIB), an umbrella group for First Country organizations in provincial and territorial levels.
Culture
National Aboriginal Day recognizes the culture and contribution of Aboriginal communities in Canada. There are currently more than 600 governments or recognized First Nations bands covering 1,172,790 2006 people in Canada with Aboriginal culture, language, art and music.
Language
- Main article: First Language Aboriginal Nation
Currently, there are over thirty different languages ​​spoken by indigenous people, most of which are spoken only in Canada. Many are declining. Those with the most speakers included Anishinaabe and Cree (together with a total of up to 150,000 speakers); Inuktitut with about 29,000 speakers in Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Nunavik (Northern Quebec), and Nunatsiavut (Northern Labrador); and Mi'kmaq, with about 8,500 speakers, mostly in eastern Canada. Many Aboriginal tribes have lost their native language and often all living elders speak English or French as their first language.
Two Canadian territories provide official status for the original language. In Nunavut, Inuktitut and Inuinnaqtun are official languages ​​beside English and French, and Inuktitut is the language of public vehicles in government. In the Northwest Territories, the Official Law states that there are eleven different languages: Chipewyan, Cree, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, Northern Slavey, Southern Slavey, and T ? ? ch? In addition to English and French, these languages ​​are not government-driven; the official status grants citizens the right to receive services in it on request and to deal with the government within it.
Art
The first countries produced art for thousands of years before the arrival of the colonies of European settlers and the establishment of Canada as a nation state. Like the people who produced them, indigenous art traditions stretch across North America. Indigenous art traditions are organized by art historians by cultural, linguistic or regional groups: the Northwest Coast, the Highlands, the Plains, the Eastern Forests, the Subctica, and the Arctic.
Art traditions vary greatly among and within these diverse groups. Indigenous art with a focus on portability and body is distinguished from European tradition and its focus on architecture. Indigenous visual art can be used in conjunction with other arts. Shaman masks and rings are used ceremonially in dance, storytelling, and music. The artwork that is kept in museum collections dates from the period after European contact and shows evidence of creative adoption and adaptation of European trade goods such as metal and glass beads. During the 19th and first half of the 20th century the Canadian government pursued an active policy of forced and cultural assimilation against indigenous peoples. Indian law prohibits the manifestation of Sun Dance, Potlatch, and artwork depicting them.
Only in the 1950s and 1960s indigenous artists such as Mungo Martin, Bill Reid and Norval Morrisseau began to publicly renew and rediscover the indigenous art traditions. Currently there are native artists practicing in all media in Canada and two indigenous artists, Edward Poitras and Rebecca Belmore, have represented Canada at the Venice Biennale in 1995 and 2005 respectively.
Music
The First Nations in Canada consists of diverse ethnic groups, each with their own musical tradition. There are common similarities in music, but are usually social (public) or ceremonial (personal). Public, social music may be dance music accompanied by rattles and drums. Personal ceremonial music includes vocal songs with percussion accompaniment, used to mark events such as Midewiwin and Sun Dances ceremonies.
Traditionally, Aboriginal people used materials at hand to make their instruments for centuries before Europeans immigrated to Canada. The First Nations people made pumpkins and animal horns into rattles, elaborately carved and beautifully painted. In the forest area, they make birch bark horns and drumsticks from carved horns and wood. Traditional percussion instruments such as drums are generally made of carved wood and animal skins. This musical instrument provides the background for the song, and the song is the background for the dance. The People of the First Traditional Nation considered songs and dances to be sacred. For many years after Europeans came to Canada, the First Nations people were forbidden to practice their ceremonies.
Demographics
In the 20th century, the First Population of Canada increased tenfold. Between 1900 and 1950 the population grew only 29% but after the 1960s infant mortality rates on reserves declined and the population grew by 161%. Since the 1980s, the number of First Nations babies has more than doubled and currently almost half the population of the First Nation is under the age of 25 years. As a result, Canada's First Nation population is expected to increase in the coming decades.
The 2006 census calculated the total Aboriginal population of 1,172,790 (3.75%) covering 698,025 North American Indians (2.23%).
There's a different First Country in Canada, coming from all over the country. The Reserve of India, established in Canadian law by treaties such as Treaty 7, is a very limited contemporary land of the First Nation recognized by non-native governments. Some reserves exist in cities, such as the Opawikoscikan Reserves in Prince Albert, Wendake in Quebec City or Stony Plain 135 in Edmonton Capital Region. There are more reserves in Canada than there are First Countries, because First Countries have already surrendered some reserves by agreement.
First Nations can be grouped into cultural areas based on their main ancestral main road, or work, during European contact. This cultural area is closely related to Canada's physical and ecological area.
Ethnographers generally classify indigenous peoples of America in the United States and Canada into ten geographical regions with common cultural traits (called cultural regions ). Canadian territory (in whole or in part) is Arctic, Subarctic, Northeast Woodlands, Plains, and Plateau. See individual articles on each tribe, band community or First Nation.
The Pacific Northwest Coast's indigenous people are centered around the ocean and river fishing; in the hinterland of British Columbia, hunting and collecting and fishing the river. In both areas, salmon is the most important. For people in the plains, bison hunting is a major activity. In subarctic forest, other species such as deer are more important. For people near the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence, shifting farming is practiced, including raising corn, beans, and pumpkins.
Today, Aboriginal people work in various jobs and live outside their ancestral homes. The traditional culture of their ancestors, shaped by nature, still has a strong influence on their culture, from spirituality to political attitudes.
Contemporary issues
The first nations face a number of problems to a greater extent than Canada as a whole, many of their living conditions are comparable to developing countries like Haiti. Indigenous people have higher rates of unemployment, detention rates, substance abuse, health problems, homelessness, fetal alcohol syndrome, lower education levels and higher poverty rates.
School of residence
Canada's federal school school system began in the mid-1870s, built on a boarding school patch that was founded and operated by various Christian denominations. Member of Parliament for Assiniboia West, Nicholas Flood Davin, produced the report, known generally as the Davin Report, which recommended the creation of a school system similar to that made in the United States. One of his main objectives was to remove Aboriginal children from the "influence of wigwam", which he claimed was stronger than the existing afternoon schools, and made it "kept within the circle of civilized conditions". While the history of the Indian School of Life (IRS) system is a multi-layered system, many critics have addressed the system and those who founded and supported it. Delays and malnutrition are often experienced by Aboriginal children, especially in the early decades of system operation. Traditional traditional stripping - sometimes referred to as "cultural genocide" - is another charge aimed at residential schools. In many schools, students are not allowed to speak their Native languages ​​or practice their own habits, and thus lose their sense of identity, inevitably moving the cultural slices between children and their families.
In 1920, attendance at some kind of school was mandatory for Aboriginal children in Canada. Indian law requires education, and where there are no federal day schools - or, in the later decades, provincial-level public schools - residential schools are the only option. Registration statistics show that between 20% and 30% of Aboriginal children during the history of the IRS system attend boarding schools for at least one year, and many are registered for ten years or more. In some cases, children can return home on weekends and holidays, but for those at schools established away from remote communities, this is not possible.
The elimination of children from their families and communities brings short and long-term losses to many indigenous communities. While many schools have hospitals and provide medical care in the next few decades, the abuse of various types and crowded conditions within the first decade of IRS history leads to poor health and even death for some of those enrolled. It has been argued that the psychological and emotional trauma resulting from the harassment and dismissal of children from their families and cultures has resulted in substance abuse, greater domestic violence, helplessness and increased suicide rates. In many cases, children who leave boarding schools find themselves at cultural intersections, where they are no longer comfortable in their own culture, but are not accepted into mainstream Canadian culture. Former students are now routinely referred to as "survivors".
Not all Aboriginal children attend residential schools. During the period in which schools were operating, more than a third of indigenous children attended federal school, and about one-third received no schooling at all. Yet the residential school system received many errors for the various problems and challenges facing the native Canadians today. During the years in which housing schools operate, they are considered by most Canadians as a sensible and useful solution to indigenous education, and in some cases Aboriginal communities specifically request that residential schools be built. When the system began to close in the 1960s, a large number of communities asked that their schools remain open.
The last closed Canadian housing school was Gordon Indian Residential School in Saskatchewan, founded in 1889, and closed in 1996.
Christian denominations that operate schools on behalf of the federal government have expressed regret and issued an apology for their part in a system that harms many indigenous children. In 2008, the government issued an official apology to students who were forced to attend residential schools and their families.
In June 2015, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission established by the federal government was charged with investigating and reporting on the residential school system, issuing its summary report, and in December of the same year, its final report. The President Commissioner, Judge Murray Sinclair, publicly declared the residential school system as a deliberate act of cultural genocide against the First Nations nations. In its report, the commission submitted 94 recommendations to the Canadian government, a recommendation that, if implemented, would substantially improve indigenous race relations, improve the quality of life for survivors and extended families, and help repair damage caused by residential schools. While the Liberal government, under Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, has committed to improving the lives of indigenous Canadians, and in particular to implement the recommendations of the TRC, some of these recommendations may be beyond the Canadian government. The countless research documents collected by TRC will be archived in a special repository at the University of Manitoba.
Jobs
Women with off-reserve living earnings averaged $ 13,870 a year, according to the Ka census
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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