Manchester Arndale (sometimes also known as Arndale Center or Arndale , a term widely used to describe a number of shopping centers in the UK) is central shopping area in Manchester, England. The center was built in the 1970s when many other cities built large malls. Manchester Arndale is the largest of the Arndale Centers chain built in Britain in the 1960s and 1970s. It was built gradually between 1972 and 1979, at a cost of Ã, Â £ 100m.
The center was rebuilt after the 1996 Manchester bombings. The center has a retail floor of just under 1,500,000 sqÃ, ft (140,000 m 2 ) (excluding Selfridges and Marks and Spencer department stores linked via a bridgehead ), making it Europe's third largest shopping center city center. It is one of the largest shopping centers in the UK with 41 million visitors each year, ahead of Trafford Center which attracts 35 million.
Video Manchester Arndale
Histori
Manchester Arndale was built between 1971-79 on Market Street in downtown Manchester by developers, Town & amp; City Properties, successor of the Arndale Property Trust, with financial support from Prudential Assurance Company and Manchester Corporation. The first phase opened in 1975. It is the largest Arndale Center in England.
Arndale Property Trust
The Arndale Property Trust, formed in the early 1950s, takes its name from its founders, Arnold Hagenbach and Sam Chippindale. Hagenbach, a Swiss expert from Swiss extraction has a chain of bakeries and has invested in retail premises from 1939. Chippindale is a property agent and former civil servant of Otley. Arndale is unusual, though not unique, amongst property companies based outside of London and specializes in retail properties. Hagenbach invests more and becomes a quieter partner. Chippindale was outspoken and outspoken but able to persuade the northern skeptical council to accept a corporate proposal, in which London-based developers could not. Arndale bought a property north of Market Street in 1952.
Rework plan
The city council recognized before the end of the Second World War that the area around Market Street needed redevelopment, and plans were made between 1942 and 1945 but no progress was made. The City Surveyor stated in 1962 that, "Manchester is crystallized in its setting in Victoria... A new look for the city has long been delayed...... unsightly areas of mixed industrial, commercial and residential development should be systematic decompose and rebuild on a comprehensive line.Only in this way can a city consider the right place as a regional center. "Corporations use mandatory purchase orders to speed up redevelopment in Market Place damaged by bombs (between Corn Exchange and Kingdom Exchange - development have been destroyed), in CIS buildings, and in Piccadilly. In the surveyor's view, "This scheme has greatly improved the look of the downtown area...". The preferred development of a corporation is a tower over two or three storied podiums, shapes used in all three developments, and then from Arndale. The company planner adds the land and buildings they own to those acquired by Arndale to increase the size of the available plots.
Retail center
Traditionally, Manchester was the dominant retail center in the Conurb region and region, and Market Street was the main shopping street from around 1850. Manchester's position weakened during the 1960s as the range of items available elsewhere increased. Salford has concentrated its three major retail areas into one, with the aim of eliminating the need for residents to travel to Manchester to shop. Stockport city center has been cleared from cotton factories to improve its performance, and the main route through the route has been closed to build the Merseyway Shopping Center, which is doubling local retail spending. In quantitative terms, while in 1961 Manchester's retail spending was 3.7 times that of the next largest shopping area in the conurbation, in 1971 it had fallen to 2.8 times.
Package of 1965
The 1965 version of the scheme, which is priced at £ 15 million bordered by Market Street, Street Corporations, Withy Grove and High Street, is intended to be Britain's largest single shopping center. The only change to the limit (in 2009) was in 1973 (ie before the opening) to the site of the former Manchester Guardian office on the opposite side of Market Street. Boots took a total 110,000 square foot (gross) extension, their biggest store at the time.
City & amp; City Properties
Arndale Property Trust was acquired by Town & amp; City Properties in April 1968. The public inquiry into development began on June 18, 1968, with the submission that the existing, while historic, road pattern was "very inadequate for modern requirements". The city planning officer provided evidence that "development would be comparable to the best done in North America and Scandinavia." The scheme included seven public houses and a 200-bed hotel. An economist provided evidence that spending in Manchester city center would double in 1981. The investigation was completed on 8 July 1968 and reported in early November 1969. The inspector approved the scheme, noting that the northern area of ​​Market Street needed to be rebuilt, and it made sense to re-develop it the front. Manchester companies are required to purchase a further 8 hectares (3 hectares) of property in 1970 using the money earned by selling land outside of towns purchased for too much housing.
Pre-1971 street and building
This area is a patch of most Victorian buildings in the layout of streets, alleys, and courts of the 17th and 18th centuries. A map used for the 1961 meeting of the British Association shows shops overlooking Market Street and Cross Street, with warehouses or buildings offices behind.
Both Stewart's The Stones of Manchester (1956) and the Sharp et al. Manchester Buildings (1966) describes a particular area or building. Stewart is generally strong on Victorian architecture, and there are no 60 "main buildings" within the rebuilding area. Sharp et al. covering old and new buildings; of the many described more than fifty are in the city center but no one is in the area cleared. Pevsner, who wrote in 1969 when permission was near, found no records. H. W. D. Sculthorpe, city officer, describes the buildings as obsolete evidence for public inquiry. Property Stores predicted in 1971 that as "new buildings replaced the dilapidated ones" the city center would lose the image of Coronation Street, and become "very attractive" to retailers. The Guardian who had an office at Cross Street wrote in 1976 that Market Street had been "sad and rotten" for 30 years.
The next description is more complete. Spring (in 1979) writes of "... a monstrosity that has overthrown the great heritage of commercial and industrial architecture of the nineteenth century - if the mammoth just finished and the clear lavatorial Arndale Center are everything." Hamilton (in 2001) writes that the area reflects Manchester's wealth and leadership in the mid-19th century, with buildings designed by leading British architects. Moran (in 2006) calls him the "maze of characteristic streets".
In the early 1960s the area had several places that made Manchester, in Lee's description, a rival to Hamburg as "a pleasant city in Europe". Unauthorized coffee shops where people listen to live music and recordings do not present alcohol effectively beyond the control of the police. The 1965 police report by an ordinary clothing cadet known as the "squad of the mod", describes them as an unclean and dimly lit, drug run by "colored people", where young men will be duped with their money and young women trapped in prostitution. The Manchester Corporation Act 1965 was passed after the report and closed most of them. Cinephone Cinema is the first in Manchester featuring X-rated movies mostly erotica. The used bookstore and what Lee described as "Manchester's own Carnaby Way" had opened in the early 1970s. Seven Stars on Withy Grove is one of Manchester's oldest pubs, with licenses dating from 1356; Redford claims it as "Britain's oldest licensed house", though this may not be the case.
Design and construction
The architects are Hugh Wilson and Lewis Womersley. Their work together includes Hulme Crescents and Manchester Education Precinct. Womersley, as the architect of the city of Sheffield, is responsible for Park Hill.
Developers and companies do not allow architects with free hands. The developers demanded a closed building with little natural light and rejected a more open design, with the lighting on the roof. Corporations insist on bus stations, markets, car parks, subway stations, and provision of deck access for further developments. Cannon Street must remain open without the front of the store. Company Street and High Street allowed the front store on return to Market Street. Market Street, a busy bustling street, has shops as a proposed pedestrianization, although this did not happen until 1981. The architects, developers, and city councils did not communicate well. The window display is prohibited on most of the external walls from the center and is inside the center. The architects realized that "the brief given... will produce a highly introverted building, and we say it will not be interesting".
Construction began in 1972 and the center opened gradually, with Arndale Tower and 60 stores opened in September 1976; followed by the Knightsbridge Mall (bridge over Market Street) in May 1977; the northern mall in October 1977; the market hall, Boots, and the bridge to Shambles (above Road Corporations) in 1978; and the bus station outside Cannon Street and the broadcaster shops, Littlewoods and British Home Stores in 1979. At the opening, the center contained 210 stores and over 200 market stalls.
The cost, estimated at £ 11½ million in a public inquiry in 1968, rose to  £ 26 million in 1972, and up to  £ 30 million in 1974, forcing the formation of Manchester Mortgage Corporation, a partnership City & City, the Prudential Assurance Company, and Manchester Corporation. The three remain confident they are building "the best shopping center in Europe". A joint venture run by Manchester Corporation, collecting Ã,  £ 5 million on the stock market, (the first for a company formed by local authorities), after Prudential admitted it could not fully fund the project. City & amp; The city approached bankruptcy, forcing them into a reversed takeover of Sterling Trust Trust from Jeffrey Sterling in April 1974 and a rights issue worth £ 25M in 1975-6. The cost reached Ã,  £ 46M in 1976, where Ã,  £ 13M came from the board. The final cost, described as "exceptional" by Parkinson-Bailey, is Ã,  £ 100 million, comprising Ã,  £ 11.5 million for land, Ã,  £ 44.5 million for the building, and Ã, £ 44m for installation.
Initial days
The center is shared by Market Street and Cannon Street. South of Market Street, on the site of old Guardian buildings, is a branch of Boots. Market Street is bridged by a mall, Knightsbridge and then Voyager Bridge. The section between Market Street and Cannon Street is mostly two stories high and contains most of the anchor shops and access to office blocks. The ground-level entrance is on the upper level of the High Street and at the lower level of Company Street, taking advantage of a slope of about 24 feet (7 m). A centrally placed entrance from Market Street enters via mezzanine to HallÃÆ'Â Â © Square, open space with full height. This area remains unchanged in 2009. To the north of Cannon Street, the lower floors are occupied by the bus station, with upstairs shops, and 60 flats above them. At the end of High Street is a two-storey market area. Cannon Street is bridged by a mall at the end of Corporate Street and by a tunnel at the end of High Street. There is a continuous path around the center, but not on a single level. On High Street, a multi-story car park is located above the market center and Cannon Street. Overall there are 1,360 meters (1,240 m) mall. Below the center is a full-height full-height circuit circuit, along the 1 / 2 mile (0.80Ã, km), with access from Withy Grove. By taking advantage of altitude changes, architects hope to solve the problem of persuading buyers to use the upper shopping area. While the north has no store anchors, car parks and bus stations mean that pedestrian traffic passes through the area avoiding lonely spots.
The last building is considered too big. The Guardian described it in 1978 as "a terrible warning of too great a thought in English cities," and "so much like a castle with its outer powers that any passing medieval army would automatically surround it instead of shopping in me ta... ". Underground railway scheme was abandoned in 1976 and the sole access deck is in the Corporate Road to Other Town & Town development in Shambles. At the official opening, one of the champions, Dame Kathleen Ollerenshaw, Mayor of Manchester, commented, "I do not think it will look like that when I see the balsa wood model". The "unrepentant" architects replied that they had provided what they were asked to do. Kenneth Stone said in 1978, "We are not responsible for everything there, but we have no regrets over the decisions we take over compared to the imposed decision on us." The critics' opinions did not soften with time, and it was described as "externally aggressive" in 1991. The Economist noted in 1996 that it "has long been considered one of Europe's ugliest shopping centers."... the emblem of bad modern architecture... [the outer part] is hated. "The Financial Times in 1997 called it" unbelievably ugly "and in 2000" one of the most beloved buildings in Britain ".
The main cause of poor reception is its outward appearance. Most of the center is covered by a pre-cast concrete panel faced with ceramic tiles. Thick tiles are made by Shaw Hathernware, a color that is described as "emped yellow" "putty and brown" (some parts are brown) and "vomit color". They inspired the nickname "the longest wall wall in Europe" (and variations), making fun of developer claims. According to The Guardian , the description was created by Norman Shrapnel, the newspaper's political columnist.
Consequences
A counterattack against comprehensive development was underway before the center was opened. Critical Amery and Cruickshank English Rape , with preface by John Betjeman, was published to mark the Year of European Architectural Heritage in 1975. This book illustrates the rebuilding of about 20 cities under the "rape scene" and uses Arndale as an example of a "brutal extermination" perpetrated by "the mind who seriously believes that the center of Manchester should look like a futuristic vision or a barbarian city borrowed from Le Corbusier." That same year, the SAVE Britain's Heritage press group was formed, partly to prevent the destruction massive unusual industrial buildings in northern England.
Several factors, including the 1974-6 property downturn, changes to local government in 1974, and changes in law after Poulson's infidelity, where developers ravaged politicians to accelerate schemes against wider public interest, acted against further developments of the size. and the Arndale type. Built Environment notes that while Arndales is "an asset to any city", this scheme "pitched opportunism outside the city's overall interest".
The presence of over one million square feet of retail space distorted shopping patterns in Manchester city center and many established retailers and retail districts are struggling to adapt. Oldham Street lost major stores from their long-term sites and it was clear the area would suffer. The shops and the former closures of textile warehouses comparable to those opened to Arndale, meant the area quickly became damaged and in the eyes of Bennison et al. "Almost a fossil". The area remained flowing until it was revitalized as the Northern Quarter in the late 1990s. Piccadilly Plaza, completed in 1966, lost the trade when Arndale was opened and put up for sale for £ 10 million by mid-1979; as a shopping center, never recovered.
Shares argue that these factors lie behind the strategic view of the Greater Manchester County Council (GMC) that the area has too much retail capacity. From 1977 onwards, the GMC consistently opposed further development, and would not support anything until 1986. Trade increased in the early 1980s, despite GMC's policies against development and to maintain the relative importance of retail centers. By the mid-1980s, retail trends had moved from urban centers out of town. The opening of the Meadowhall Center in 1990 adds to the retail impact in downtown Sheffield.
GMC was removed in 1986 and, in the case of Stocks, "applications for major shopping schemes began to flow over unmanned dams". The consequence of pent-up apps is that the newly formed Salford and Trafford authorities find themselves in a "prisoner's dilemma" over competing out-of-town schemes, at Barton Locks and Dumplington, which are almost the same size as Arndale. In 1989 the application planning for nearly five million square feet of retail space in Greater Manchester was not yet solved. The public inquiry (followed by the action in the appeals court, and the case in the House of Lords) approved the proposal of Dumplington (Trafford Center). Construction began in 1995.
Remodeling
The typical lifestyle of a shopping center is about 10-20 years when the owner can decide whether to do anything, refurbish or destroy. In Arndale, the restoration began about six years after opening. Artificial lighting and indistinguishable malls, with many stalemate and no clear circular route which means that the buyer, in Morris's words, "is confused by the intensity of the labyrinth." Parkinson-Bailey described the center as "never the nicest place to shop at... hot and stuffy". Criticism is addressed in the improvement of Ã, Â £ Ã,½M in which roof lamps are inserted to allow in daylight and potted plants are introduced. To improve navigation and to lower the display, the floor of each area is given a different color scheme, decorative iron is installed, the fountain is placed in one corner, and the aviary height of the double floor is placed elsewhere. Arndale own radio station, Center Sound, installed. HallÃÆ'Â Â © Square stores food court during the day, and can be used as a concert area at night if needed. Beddington describes these results as "workmanlike but unromantic".
City & amp; City changed its name to Sterling Guarantee Trust in 1983, and in February 1985 merged with Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (universally called P & amp;), also run by Jeffrey Sterling. P & amp; O decided to update Knightsbridge (bridge over Market Street) and double the rent. The work took place in 1990-1, and the most noticeable change was the food court costing £ 9M (Voyager) in an area not previously open to the public. The restoration was a success and increased the popularity of the center. Another renovation took place in 1991-3, despite opposition from traders who resisted any change that might take over the market. The northern part of the center saw little investment over the years, and the market hall was seen as ripe for improvement.
The bus station became the busiest in Manchester, handling 30,000 passengers and 1,500 buses a day in 1991. It was not popular with tourists, especially women. Described as "dirty and horrible", its illuminated interior was identified by Taylor as an inherent threat and a "frightened landscape".
As a shopping center, it is very successful, and the opinions of critics are not universally held - especially by its owners. In 1996 Arndale was fully abandoned, raising £ 20m a year in rental rates, is the seventh busiest shopping area in the UK in terms of sales, and is visited by 750,000 people a week. The poet Lemn Sissay wrote, "The Arndale Center is always just the Arndale Center, a Perspex palace and the people, a light extravaganza."
... shopper's paradise on earth. In all its immense glory, I love it. Whether it is ugly or not is a purely subjective opinion. It's amazing inside. "
IRA bombing 1996
The center was a terrorist target. Arson's attack in April 1991 was followed by a firebomb in December 1991 that caused major damage to four stores. The Irish Republican Army (IRA) is blamed for incidents, where the device is placed in soft furnishings during shopping hours. After the second attack, Christmas shopping continued as usual the next day in unaffected stores. An unnamed firefighter noted, "What bothers me is if there is one big planted there is a lot of glass around here, and many people will be killed".
Two people parked a 7 1/2 ton truck containing 1,500 kg (3,300 pounds) bombs in Corporate between Marks & amp; Spencer and Arndale at around 9:20 am on Saturday morning, June 15, 1996. At approximately 9:45 pm, the coded alert was received by Granada TV. The usual weekend buyer population is complemented by football fans in the city for Russia v Germany UEFA Euro 1996, which will be staged Sunday at Old Trafford. About 80,000 people were cleared of the area by the police and shop staff using procedures developed after the 1992 IRA bombing incident, assisted by experienced outsiders in mass control designed to assist football fans. The bomb exploded at 11:17, shortly after the army bomb squad arrived from Liverpool and began to make it safe. No one was killed, but more than 200 people were injured, some seriously, mostly by flying glass, although one pregnant shopper was thrown into the air by the blast.
In all 1,200 properties in 43 streets affected. Marks and Spencer and the adjacent Longridge House were denounced as unsafe within days, and destroyed. The front of Arndale on Corporate Road and the bridge is structurally damaged. Re reinsurance company Swiss Re estimates that the last insurance payment is more than £ 400 million, making it, by then, the most expensive man-made disaster ever.
Recent developments
Since the bombing, the Center has seen a large-scale redevelopment and has a retail floor space of 1,400,000 sq./ft (130,000m 2 ), making it the largest shopping center in the city center, a record it has held continuously since construction apart from a brief spell during the rebuilding north when the title held by Birmingham Bullring. The 96-meter-high Arndale Tower, which contains commercial office space, is currently the fifth tallest building in Manchester.
As part of the renovation, most of the tiles have been removed and replaced by sandstone and glass cladding. Manchester Arndale home Next, the largest store of companies with the largest glass shop front in the UK. It is also the largest Office Shoe store outside London in April 2010.
In the late 1990s, the Center was no longer owned by the Arndale Property Trust. A rebranding is proposed, but abandoned. Today this Center is jointly owned by M & amp; G Real Estate and intu.
Manchester is not the only city to build large shopping centers in the city center, the desire to provide modern shopping facilities is prevalent among most councils in big cities, where old Victorian buildings can not accommodate modern retailers. Other examples from around the same time include Bull Ring, Birmingham and Merrion Center, Leeds.
In August 2015 Arndale announced the launch of the first Charity Star initiative, which will see a fund-raising center for selected charities for a full year.
Maps Manchester Arndale
Redevelopment
The center was badly damaged in the 1996 bombing of Manchester City Center by the IRA Temporary and required extensive rebuilding work. Immediately after the bombing, the southern half of the center was repaired and repaired. The northern half was patched by the bus that originally stopped at Cannon Road itself, before being replaced by Shudehill Interchange in January 2006. Marks and Spencer, badly damaged by the explosion, reopened in a separate building, linked to the main mall. on the first floor by a glass bridge designed by Stephen Hodder. Shortly after opening a large branch, the building was divided into two independent stores. Half remains a branch of Marks and Spencer while the side facing the Triangle becomes a branch of Selfridges.
In the fall of 2003, as the final stage of rebuilding the city center after the bombing, the entire half of the northern center of Cannon Street was shut down and destroyed. For the next two or three years, the northern half of the center is rebuilt and extended. The first phase of the "northern extension", known as the 'Court of Exchange', opened on October 20, 2005. The Exchange Court features the UK flagship and the Next largest store in the world. This is followed by a second phase known as 'New Cannon Street'. It opened on April 6, 2006. Stores in this phase include the new flagship branches TopShop and Topman.
On September 7, 2006 the third and final phases of the northern extension were opened. The new Winter Garden has stores like the new Superdry (formerly HMV, Zavvi & Virgin Megastores), Waterstone bookstore, and a new single-level unit for the Arndale Market. The completed mall provides links from Exchange Square and The Triangle to the Northern Quarter, and from Market Street to The Printworks.
The southern half of the center was renewed, and there were some major design differences between the two central sections. Halle Square is modernized, including a new skylight, but there is still a big difference in the natural light level between the original mall and the northern extension. The original 1970s mall was designed to "protect" visitors from outside, while newer malls seek to maximize natural light.
Food food
Like many major shopping centers, Manchester Arndale has a food court. The Food-Chain, opened as Voyagers in 1991, is an 800-seat food court located on the second floor above the southwestern end of the center. This can be achieved by a glass-enclosed escalator from Market Street, by an elevator accessed from outside the Boots the Chemists and from the first floor at the southwestern end of the center close to Argos and the first floor entrance to Boots.
Shop
- Apple Store
- JD Sports
- Wilko
- Next
- River Island
- Sweatshop
- SportsDirect.com
- HMV
- Clas Ohlson
- BHS (now closed)
- Aldi
- Argos
See also
- List of shopping centers by country
- Trafford Center - Manchester's out-of-town shopping center in nearby Trafford
References
Bibliography
External links
- the Manchester Arndale Center home page
- Arndale Manchester Home Market for Manchester Arndale's Market
- Capital Shopping Center (CSC) - Manchester Arndale
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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